Application

aura:application
aura namespace
application is a predefined component
container for components
every page in lightning is referred to as application
extension is *.app
eg., firstApp.app, employee.app
every application must starts with <aura:application> tag and closed by </aura:application>

Application Bundle contains below elements
Application XML
Controller Javascript Client side controller
Helper Javascript Client side controller (common set of js)
Style CSS Style element
Documentation documentation
Renderer Javascript renderer
SVG Icon icon element

Attributes

  1. access : scope of the application
    public : default one used to expose the application within namespace only.
    global : can be used within namespace and outside the namespace
  2. controller : to refer an apex class
  3. description : to include the comment
  4. extends : specifying the extending the application
  5. extensible : it is a boolean value which says your current application can be extendable or not.
  6. token : specifies the name of the token that needs to extend.

aura:application can contain
i. standard component

example:

<lightning:input>
<aura:set>

ii. custom components
<namespace:componentName>

default namespace: c
<aura:application>
<c:student/>
</aura:application>

iii. html

Note:
The application can be previewed (my domain must be created to preview)
Application is uniquely identified as URL like below

domainName/namespace/applicationName.app

eg.,
https://ranjithkrishnanlgbatch111-dev-ed.my.salesforce.com/c/firstApp.app

default namespace: c